Similarities Between Christianity and Islam: 15 Shared Beliefs, Practices and Values

The similarities between Christianity and Islam are substantial. Both are monotheistic, Abrahamic religions. Both teach that human life has a divine purpose, that God has guided humanity through revelation, that prayer and charity matter, and that every person will answer to God on a final day of judgment. Both speak about Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and Mary. Both have shaped civilizations, moral thought, family life and public worship across much of the world.

Yet similarity does not mean sameness. Christians and Muslims often use the same words—God, revelation, prophet, Messiah, salvation, prayer and judgment—while assigning different meanings to them. The most serious differences concern the nature of God, the identity of Jesus, the crucifixion and resurrection, the meaning of salvation, and the authority of the Bible and Qur'an.

This article explains the common ground carefully from a mainstream Sunni Muslim perspective while representing historic, Nicene Christianity as fairly as possible. Christianity includes Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and many Protestant traditions, while Islam includes Sunni and Shia traditions and several schools of law. Internal differences are noted where they affect the comparison.

Quick answer: Christianity and Islam are similar in teaching belief in one Creator, revelation, prophets, angels, prayer, fasting, charity, moral accountability, resurrection, judgment, Heaven and Hell. Both honor Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mary. Their central disagreement is that Christianity worships Jesus as the divine Son within the Trinity and centers salvation on his crucifixion and resurrection, whereas Islam worships Allah alone without partner and regards Jesus as the Messiah and a human prophet, not God.

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Christianity and Islam Similarities at a Glance

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The 15 Main Similarities Between Christianity and Islam

1. Belief in one sovereign Creator

The first and greatest similarity is that both religions reject atheism and polytheism and teach that the universe depends upon one sovereign Creator. God is not merely a force within nature. He is the source of creation, knowledge, moral law and final judgment.

The Hebrew Bible declares, “The Lord is our God, the Lord alone” (Deuteronomy 6:4–5). Jesus cites love of God as the greatest commandment (Matthew 22:34–40). The Qur'an teaches that Allah is One, eternal and incomparable (Qur'an 112).

This shared monotheistic orientation is real, but the descriptions of God differ decisively:

• Mainstream Christianity teaches one divine being in three persons: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
• Islam teaches tawhid: Allah is one without partner, offspring, incarnation or division.

Therefore, Muslims and Christians both intend to worship the Creator of Abraham, but they disagree about His nature. Arabic-speaking Christians also use the word Allah, because it is the ordinary Arabic word for God. “Allah versus God” is therefore a linguistic mistake; Trinity versus tawhid is the actual theological question.

2. A connection to Abraham

Christianity and Islam both look to Abraham as a model of faith, obedience and trust in God. This is why they are called Abrahamic religions, together with Judaism.

Christians understand Abraham through the biblical covenants and often emphasize Paul's teaching that Abraham was justified by faith. Muslims call him Ibrahim and regard him as a prophet who rejected idolatry, surrendered to Allah and helped raise the foundations of the Ka'bah with his son Ishmael.

Both traditions admire Abraham's willingness to obey God even under severe testing. Yet they do not tell every part of his story in precisely the same way, nor do they agree on how covenant, lineage and later revelation should be understood.

3. Belief that God guides humanity through revelation

Neither Christianity nor Islam teaches that people must discover all religious truth through reason alone. Both believe God has spoken, guided and commanded.

Christians receive the Bible as inspired scripture. It includes the Old and New Testaments and contains law, history, wisdom, prophecy, Gospel and apostolic writings. Christianity also teaches that God's supreme self-revelation is Jesus Christ, the Word made flesh.

Muslims believe Allah revealed scriptures to a succession of prophets, including the Torah to Moses, the Psalms to David and the Gospel to Jesus. The Qur'an is believed to be Allah's final, preserved revelation, delivered to Muhammad ﷺ through the angel Gabriel. Qur'an 2:136 commands Muslims to believe in what was revealed to Abraham, Moses, Jesus and the other prophets.

The similarity is belief in divine communication. The difference concerns which texts now possess final authority and what “revelation” means. Muslims do not regard the present Bible as identical in every respect to the original revelations named in the Qur'an. Christians reject the claim that the Qur'an completes or corrects biblical revelation.

4. A history populated by prophets and messengers

Christianity and Islam share many sacred figures. Among them are:

• Adam;
• Noah;
• Abraham;
• Lot;
• Isaac;
• Ishmael;
• Jacob;
• Joseph;
• Moses;
• Aaron;
• David;
• Solomon;
• Jonah;
• Zechariah;
• John the Baptist; and
• Jesus.

Both traditions believe that God raised righteous servants to warn, teach and guide communities. Both condemn the rejection and persecution of genuine messengers.

There is nevertheless an important distinction. Christianity sees Jesus as far more than a prophet: he is the incarnate Son and the center of revelation. Islam regards Jesus as one of the greatest prophets but reserves worship for Allah. Islam also recognizes Muhammad ﷺ as the final messenger, while mainstream Christianity does not accept his prophetic claim.

5. Profound reverence for Jesus

It is incorrect to say Muslims do not believe in Jesus. Belief in Jesus—'Isa ibn Maryam—is part of Islamic faith. Christianity and Islam agree that Jesus:

• was born miraculously to the Virgin Mary;
• is the Messiah, though the title is interpreted differently;
• was specially chosen by God;
• performed extraordinary miracles;
• called people to faith and obedience;
• lived a life of purity and devotion; and
• has an exceptional role in events connected with the end times.

The Qur'an calls Jesus the Messiah and a messenger (Qur'an 4:171) and recounts the announcement of his miraculous birth (Qur'an 3:45–47).

This is meaningful common ground, but the disagreement is foundational. Christians believe Jesus is the eternal Son or Word of God made flesh, was crucified for sins and rose bodily from the dead. Muslims believe Jesus is a human prophet and servant of Allah, reject his divinity, and accept the Qur'anic declaration that his enemies did not kill or crucify him and that Allah raised him (Qur'an 4:157–158).

So both faiths honor Jesus, but they do not honor him in the same theological way.

6. Honor for the Virgin Mary

Mary is one of the most important women in both Christianity and Islam. Both traditions affirm her chastity and Jesus' virgin birth.

In Christianity, Mary is the mother of Jesus. Catholic and Orthodox Christians call her Theotokos, meaning “God-bearer” or “Mother of God,” to express that the person born from her is truly divine. Protestants also honor Mary as the mother of Jesus, though most do not practice Marian devotion in the Catholic or Orthodox form.

In Islam, Maryam is a model of faith, purity and submission. The Qur'an names an entire chapter after her—Surah Maryam—and describes her as chosen and purified. Muslims honor her but do not call her the mother of God, because Islam does not regard Jesus as divine. Muslims also do not direct prayers to Mary.

7. Prayer as a central religious duty

Muslims and Christians both understand prayer as more than positive thinking. Prayer is directed toward God and includes praise, gratitude, confession, petition and remembrance.

Christian prayer varies widely. It may be liturgical or spontaneous, individual or communal, silent or spoken. Catholic and Orthodox Christians follow formal cycles of prayer, while many Protestants emphasize conversational prayer and Bible-based devotion.

Islam combines prescribed prayer and personal supplication. The five daily prayers, or salah, have appointed periods and include standing, bowing, prostration and Qur'anic recitation. Muslims also make personal du'a in their own words.

Both faiths encourage sincerity, humility and regularity. The differences concern ritual form and theology. Christians commonly pray in Jesus' name and may address Jesus directly; Catholics and Orthodox Christians may request the intercession of saints. Muslims pray to Allah alone and regard supplication as worship that must not be directed to a created being.

8. Fasting as spiritual discipline

Fasting appears in both religions as a means of humility, repentance, self-control and intensified devotion. Jesus discusses fasting alongside prayer and almsgiving in Matthew 6:1–18.

Christian practice differs across churches. Eastern Orthodox communities maintain an extensive fasting calendar. Catholics observe required days and seasons, particularly Lent, while many Protestants fast voluntarily.

In Islam, fasting the month of Ramadan is one of the five pillars for eligible Muslims. From dawn until sunset, the fasting person abstains from food, drink and marital relations while guarding the tongue and conduct. The Qur'an explicitly connects fasting with growing in God-consciousness and notes that it was prescribed for earlier communities (Qur'an 2:183).

The shared principle is disciplined abstention for God. The schedule, legal requirements and theological framework differ.

9. Charity and care for vulnerable people

Christianity and Islam both insist that genuine faith must affect the treatment of the poor, orphaned, widowed, displaced and oppressed.

Jesus repeatedly teaches generosity and warns against performing charity for public admiration. Christian churches operate charities, hospitals, schools, food programs and relief organizations around the world.

In Islam, zakat is an obligatory act of worship and one of the five pillars. Eligible wealth is assessed and distributed to defined categories. Voluntary charity, sadaqah, extends beyond money to many forms of kindness. Qur'an 2:177 connects true righteousness with faith, prayer, keeping promises, patience and giving cherished wealth to relatives, orphans, the poor and travelers.

Both traditions therefore reject a spirituality that ignores suffering. The legal calculation of almsgiving and the theological meaning of good works are not identical, but concern for the vulnerable is a strong area of common practice.

10. Moral accountability and objective right and wrong

Both religions teach that morality is more than personal preference. Human beings are accountable to God for intentions, speech and conduct.

Shared moral teachings include prohibitions against:

• murder;
• theft;
• adultery and sexual betrayal;
• false testimony;
• exploitation of the weak;
• arrogance;
• greed; and
• hypocrisy.

Both commend truthfulness, chastity, patience, courage, generosity, forgiveness, humility and honoring parents. Both insist that outward worship without moral integrity is deficient.

This does not mean every Christian and Muslim ethical ruling is identical. The traditions differ on some questions of marriage, divorce, finance, criminal law, warfare, food and religious authority. Even where a ruling appears similar, its scriptural and legal reasoning may differ.

11. Repentance, forgiveness and divine mercy

Christianity and Islam both teach that human beings sin and need forgiveness. Neither religion considers habitual wrongdoing spiritually harmless.

In Christianity, repentance involves turning from sin toward God. Forgiveness is inseparably related to Christ's saving death and resurrection. Christian traditions differ over confession, sacraments, justification and sanctification, but all mainstream churches place divine grace at the center.

In Islam, tawbah is sincere return to Allah. It includes leaving the sin, regretting it, resolving not to return and restoring the rights of anyone harmed. No priestly mediator is required for Allah to hear repentance. The Qur'an commands sinners not to despair of divine mercy (Qur'an 39:53).

Islam does not teach that good deeds purchase Paradise. Salvation is by Allah's mercy, accompanied by sincere faith, repentance and righteous action. Christianity likewise rejects the idea that salvation can be reduced to a ledger of self-earned merit, although denominations explain faith, works and sacraments differently.

12. Belief in angels, Satan and an unseen realm

Both Christianity and Islam teach that reality includes more than the material world. Angels serve God, convey messages and carry out divine commands. Satan is a rebel and tempter who seeks to turn human beings away from obedience.

Gabriel is especially important in both traditions. In the New Testament he announces the births of John and Jesus. In Islam, Jibril delivers revelation to Muhammad ﷺ and is commonly identified with the Holy Spirit mentioned in several Qur'anic passages.

The traditions differ in important details. Mainstream Christianity understands the Holy Spirit as the third person of the Trinity, not an angel. Islam rejects that doctrine. Islamic teaching also distinguishes angels from jinn; Iblis is generally understood as a jinn, not a fallen angel.

13. Communal worship and a disciplined religious life

Christianity and Islam are not merely private philosophies. Both form worshipping communities with sacred times, teachers, rituals, ethical responsibilities and institutions.

Christians gather in churches, especially on Sunday. Services may include scripture readings, sermons, hymns, collective prayer, baptism and the Eucharist or Lord's Supper. Muslims gather in mosques, especially for the Friday congregational prayer, while observing the five daily prayers every day.

Both communities have learned teachers and leaders. Yet an imam is not the equivalent of a sacramental priest. An imam normally leads prayer and may teach, while Catholic and Orthodox priests have defined sacramental functions. Protestant ministry varies greatly.

Both traditions also value marriage, family responsibility, care for elders, religious education and passing faith to the next generation.

14. Resurrection and a final judgment

Christianity and Islam teach that death is not the end. Human beings will be raised and judged, and God's verdict cannot be evaded through wealth, status or ancestry.

Christian teaching places the risen Christ at the center of resurrection hope and final judgment. Matthew 25:31–46 links judgment with the treatment of vulnerable people.

Islam teaches bodily resurrection, the presentation of deeds, perfect divine justice and the reality of individual accountability. The Qur'an says that even an atom's weight of good or evil will be seen (Qur'an 99:7–8).

Both traditions therefore treat earthly life as morally serious. Their descriptions of judgment overlap, but Christians and Muslims understand the role of Jesus, intercession, atonement and salvation differently.

15. Heaven, Hell and eternal consequences

Both religions teach that choices made in this life have consequences beyond death. They speak of blessed life with God and punishment for persistent rebellion.

Christian theology commonly uses the language of Heaven, Hell, resurrection and eternal life. Catholic teaching also includes purgatory; Eastern Orthodox and Protestant accounts differ on the intermediate state and the exact nature of final punishment.

Islam teaches Paradise (Jannah) and Hell (Jahannam), Allah's perfect justice, and the overwhelming importance of divine mercy. The Qur'an describes both spiritual and embodied realities of the life to come.

The common point is accountability and final destiny. The path of salvation, the identity of the judge and the theological meaning of eternal life remain disputed.

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Ten Similarities Between Islam and Christianity in a Simple List

For readers seeking a concise answer, ten key similarities are:

1. Belief in one Creator.
2. Connection to Abraham.
3. Belief in revelation and scripture.
4. Respect for many of the same prophets.
5. Reverence for Jesus and Mary.
6. Regular prayer and communal worship.
7. Fasting and spiritual self-discipline.
8. Charity and care for people in need.
9. Moral accountability, repentance and forgiveness.
10. Belief in resurrection, judgment, Heaven and Hell.

These points are accurate summaries, provided that each is accompanied by the doctrinal qualifications explained in this article.

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Christianity and Islam Venn Diagram in Table Form

The following table serves as a text-based similarities between Christianity and Islam Venn diagram. It shows what belongs mainly to each tradition and what lies in the area of overlap.

This “Venn diagram” is useful for orientation, not as a substitute for deeper study.

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Similarities and Differences Between Christianity and Islam

The central similarities and differences can be summarized as follows:

The greatest mistake is either to deny all common ground or to turn common ground into doctrinal equivalence. Accuracy requires holding both similarity and difference together.

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Similarities Between Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Judaism, Christianity and Islam are commonly grouped as the three Abrahamic religions. Their similarities include:

1. belief in the Creator of Abraham;
2. reverence for many shared biblical persons;
3. sacred scripture and revealed moral teaching;
4. prayer, fasting and charity;
5. communal worship and religious law or ethics;
6. concern for justice, family and the vulnerable;
7. belief in angels and an unseen realm, though details vary; and
8. accountability before God.

Judaism, Christianity and Islam: similarities and differences table

Three especially clear similarities among all three religions

If a student is asked for three similarities between Judaism, Christianity and Islam, a reliable answer is:

1. All three trace their sacred history to Abraham and worship the Creator associated with Abraham.
2. All three receive scripture and moral commandments as central to religious life.
3. All three practice prayer, charity and forms of fasting within a worshipping community.

Five major similarities among Judaism, Christianity and Islam

For a five-point answer, add:

4. Shared reverence for figures such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Joseph, Moses and David.
5. Belief that human beings are morally accountable to God.

The three religions are related, but none should be described as merely a branch of another. Judaism does not accept the New Testament or Qur'an; Christianity accepts Jesus as divine and risen; Islam accepts Jesus as a prophet and Muhammad ﷺ as the final messenger.

Judaism, Christianity and Islam Venn Diagram in Table Form

This compact format identifies uniqueness and similarities without pretending that every community within each religion is uniform.

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Similarities Between Orthodox Christianity and Islam

Orthodox Christianity and Islam can appear culturally closer in some settings than modern secularized forms of Christianity. Both commonly emphasize:

• regular, embodied prayer;
• bowing or prostration in worship;
• structured fasting calendars;
• modesty and family discipline;
• sacred tradition and continuity with earlier generations;
• communal identity rather than purely private belief;
• reverence in worship; and
• the seriousness of repentance and moral struggle.

These outward and ethical similarities should not obscure doctrine. Orthodox Christianity strongly affirms the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, his crucifixion and resurrection, the Eucharist, sacramental priesthood and the veneration of icons. Islam rejects the Trinity, incarnation, Eucharistic theology and devotional use of icons.

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Similarities and Differences in the Spread of Islam and Christianity

Christianity and Islam both grew from Middle Eastern beginnings into global religions. Their expansion involved several shared channels:

• preaching and missionary activity;
• merchants and trade routes;
• migration and family networks;
• schools, monasteries, mosques and charitable institutions;
• translation and scholarship;
• empires and political patronage; and
• adaptation to many languages and cultures.

The histories were not identical. Christianity spread through the Roman world before becoming imperially supported in the fourth century, and later expanded through European missions, migration and colonial structures. Islam spread through preaching, trade, scholarship, migration and Muslim-ruled states beginning in the seventh century. In regions such as Southeast Asia and parts of Africa, trade and scholarly networks were especially important.

It is inaccurate to say either religion spread only peacefully or only by force. Both histories contain sincere preaching, cultural exchange, state power, conflict and periods of coexistence. Each region and century requires its own evidence.

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Why the Similarities Matter

Recognizing genuine common ground has several benefits.

First, it improves accuracy. A Christian should not say Muslims worship Muhammad ﷺ or have no belief in Jesus. A Muslim should not describe the Trinity as though informed Christians simply believe in three separate gods. One may reject another doctrine without misrepresenting it.

Second, common moral concerns can support cooperation. Muslims and Christians can work together in disaster relief, poverty reduction, family support, education and protection of neighbors without merging their creeds.

Third, shared vocabulary creates an opening for serious conversation. Discussions about Abraham, Jesus, prayer, charity and judgment can move beyond stereotypes. But the speaker must ask what each term means inside the other tradition.

Finally, recognizing similarities helps identify the actual disagreements. The question is not whether Muslims honor Jesus; they do. The question is whether Jesus is a human messenger or the divine Son. The question is not whether both believe in God; they do. The question is whether God's oneness permits Trinity and incarnation.

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An Islamic Approach to Christian–Muslim Dialogue

The Qur'an calls Jews and Christians People of the Book and instructs Muslims to discuss faith graciously. Qur'an 29:46 says to argue in the best manner and affirms, “Our God and your God is One,” while maintaining submission to Allah.

From an Islamic perspective, good dialogue requires:

• worshipping Allah alone without diluting tawhid;
• speaking truthfully about Christian belief;
• honoring Jesus and Mary as Islam commands;
• avoiding ridicule, abuse and inflammatory caricatures;
• listening before responding;
• distinguishing a doctrine from the conduct of imperfect followers;
• cooperating in lawful good works; and
• leaving final judgment of individuals to Allah.

Courtesy does not mean declaring contradictory doctrines equally true. Conviction does not permit injustice. A mature believer can be clear and gracious at the same time.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the main similarities between Islam and Christianity?

The main similarities are belief in one Creator, Abrahamic heritage, revelation, prophets, Jesus and Mary, angels, prayer, fasting, charity, moral accountability, repentance, resurrection, judgment, Heaven and Hell.

What is the greatest similarity between Christianity and Islam?

The greatest broad similarity is their God-centered worldview: both teach that one sovereign Creator made humanity, reveals moral guidance and will judge every person. Their understanding of God's nature differs because Christianity affirms the Trinity while Islam teaches absolute tawhid.

What are five similarities between Christianity and Islam?

Five clear similarities are belief in one Creator, revelation and scripture, many shared prophets, regular prayer, and final judgment. Both also practice fasting and charity and honor Jesus and Mary.

What are four similarities between Christianity and Islam?

Four concise examples are monotheism, Abrahamic heritage, prayer and charity. A complete answer should add that each similarity is expressed differently within the two religions.

What are three similarities between Christianity and Islam?

Both believe in one Creator, accept divine revelation and teach resurrection followed by judgment. They also share many prophets and religious practices.

What are two similarities between Christianity and Islam?

Both are Abrahamic monotheistic religions, and both teach that human beings are morally accountable to God.

Do Christianity and Islam worship the same God?

Muslims and Christians intend to worship the one Creator and God of Abraham, and Arabic-speaking Christians use the name Allah. However, they make incompatible claims about His nature: Christianity affirms Trinity and incarnation; Islam rejects both. A careful answer recognizes shared reference and profound theological difference.

Are Christianity and Islam basically the same religion?

No. They share many persons, values and practices, but their core creeds conflict over God, Jesus, the cross, salvation, Muhammad ﷺ and scripture. Similarity establishes relationship, not identity.

Do Muslims and Christians believe in the same prophets?

They share many figures, including Abraham, Moses, David, John the Baptist and Jesus. Muslims also accept Muhammad ﷺ as the final prophet; Christians do not. Christians understand Jesus as divine, not merely one prophet among others.

What do Christianity and Islam teach about Jesus?

Both call Jesus the Messiah, affirm his virgin birth and associate him with miracles and the end times. Christianity teaches that he is God the Son incarnate, crucified and risen. Islam teaches that he is a human prophet and messenger whom Allah raised, not a divine person.

Do Muslims and Christians both honor Mary?

Yes. Both affirm Mary's chastity and Jesus' virgin birth. Islam honors Maryam as a chosen and purified servant of Allah. Christian Marian doctrine and devotion vary, with Catholic and Orthodox traditions giving Mary a larger devotional role than most Protestant communities.

Are Christian and Muslim prayers similar?

Both include praise, gratitude, petition and repentance, and both may be offered privately or communally. Muslim salah has fixed daily times and prescribed movements. Christian prayer varies widely and is commonly offered in Jesus' name; Muslims address worship to Allah alone.

Do both religions teach charity and fasting?

Yes. Christianity teaches almsgiving and practices various forms of fasting. Islam requires zakat from eligible wealth and fasting during Ramadan for eligible believers, alongside voluntary charity and fasting.

What similarities do Judaism, Christianity and Islam share?

All three are Abrahamic traditions that affirm the Creator, revere many shared scriptural figures, value prayer and charity, transmit sacred texts and teach moral accountability. They differ over Jesus, Muhammad ﷺ, scripture, covenant and religious law.

What are the biggest differences between Christianity and Islam?

The biggest differences concern Trinity versus tawhid, whether Jesus is divine, whether he was crucified and resurrected, how salvation occurs, whether Muhammad ﷺ is a prophet, and whether the Qur'an is final revelation.

Can recognizing similarities weaken a Muslim's faith?

Accurate knowledge does not require theological compromise. The Qur'an itself recognizes previous prophets, scriptures and the People of the Book while correcting beliefs Islam regards as errors. A Muslim can acknowledge what is genuinely shared and remain firm upon tawhid.

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Conclusion

The similarities between Christianity and Islam are too important to ignore and too limited to exaggerate. Both religions call humanity to worship the Creator, receive moral guidance, pray, fast, give to those in need, resist sin and prepare for judgment. They share Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Mary and many other sacred figures.

But the same comparison reveals the central divide. Christianity confesses the triune God and Jesus as the incarnate, crucified and risen Son. Islam confesses Allah's absolute oneness, honors Jesus as Messiah and prophet, and follows the final revelation given to Muhammad ﷺ.

For Muslims, acknowledging common ground should lead to truthful, gracious engagement—not blurred theology. For Christians, understanding Islamic respect for Jesus, Mary and earlier prophets can replace caricature with informed disagreement. Sound dialogue begins when each side can explain the other's belief accurately before stating why it disagrees.

Truth does not need distortion, and courtesy does not require surrendering conviction.

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Primary Texts and Further Reading

Qur'an

• Qur'an 2:136 — belief in revelation given to Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets
• Qur'an 2:177 — faith, prayer, charity, promises and patience
• Qur'an 2:183 — fasting prescribed as it was to earlier communities
• Qur'an 3:45–47 — Mary and the miraculous birth of Jesus
• Qur'an 4:157–158 — the Islamic teaching concerning Jesus' crucifixion and raising
• Qur'an 4:171 — Jesus as Messiah and messenger; warning against saying “Three”
• Qur'an 29:46 — gracious discussion with the People of the Book
• Qur'an 39:53 — divine mercy and repentance
• Qur'an 99:7–8 — accountability for good and evil
• Qur'an 112 — the absolute oneness of Allah

Bible

• Deuteronomy 6:4–5 — one God and the command to love Him
• Matthew 6:1–18 — almsgiving, prayer and fasting
• Matthew 22:34–40 — love of God and neighbor
• Matthew 25:31–46 — judgment and care for vulnerable people
• Luke 1:26–38 — annunciation and virgin birth
• John 1:1–14 — the Christian doctrine of the Word and incarnation
• 1 Corinthians 15:3–4 — the Christian proclamation of crucifixion and resurrection

Editorial note: This educational article compares broad, mainstream doctrines. It does not replace personal guidance from a qualified Muslim scholar, priest, pastor or rabbi. The honorific ﷺ means “may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him.” Translations and transliterations may vary.